Most first-generation migrants are eligible for Irish citizenship after five years, though refugees can apply after three. Recent citizenship reforms restricted access to nationality for the spouses of nationals and children of migrant parents. Ireland's score has worsened since 2004 (see box) and scores third after BE/CA, FR/PT and tied with the UK. During the potentially lengthy conditions procedure, the state judges whether an applicant has enough income and is of ‘good character.' This discretionary system makes naturalised migrants less secure in their nationality. If their application is refused or citizenship withdrawn, they cannot appeal to an independent authority or court. A withdrawal can happen no matter how long they have been an Irish citizen, though not if it would make them stateless. Ireland achieves best practice on dual nationality like BE, CA, FR, PT and the UK.
