Eligibility for family reunion meets best practice in Canada as in Portugal and Sweden (see box). Applicants must then pass a high income condition during a potentially long and expensive procedure. However, they do not have to pass a language or integration test. If they wish, family members can take a cheap course based on their individual skills. Reunited families are partially secure in their status; the state can reject their applications or withdraw their permits on many grounds, but they have many legal guarantees and avenues for redress, similarly to FR, NL, CH, and the UK. Families in Canada do not need to renew their permits, since they immediately become permanent residents. They then enjoy a bundle of rights that meet best practice as in 5 other MIPEX countries, including NL, PT, and SE.
